Deductive reasoning pdf download

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Conversely, deductive approach depends on facts and rules. In inductive reasoning, the argument supporting the conclusion, may or may not be strong. On the contrary, in deductive reasoning, the argument can be proved valid or invalid. Importance of Inductive and Deductive Approaches in Geographical Researches: Likewise researches in other social sciences, geographical research also walk with inductive and deductive approaches of reasoning.

In geographical research earlier studies were accompanied with deductive method, where conclusions were drawn out from the premises. There were no serious attempts, by any geographer, made in past to test the validity of the existing premises. This was because of the reliability of the geographers on metaphysical world views teleological approaches. It was believed that the changes in the phenomena were caused by law of nature.

However there were geographers who put emphasis on empirical observation and studied geography inductively. Modern geographical time period starts with two great German geographers viz. Alexander von Humboldt and Carl Ritter. Both were contemporary to each other but each had different approach to explore the geography. Humboldt was a believer of inductive approach and considered scientific observation as the sole tool for exploring the nature.

He made several expeditions and field works to many places of South America, North America, Europe and Asia and came with many theories in the field of climatology, geomorphology, zoology, botany, geology etc. His book Kosmos is a comprehensive account of his journeys and expeditions. On the contrary, Carl Ritter, through fieldworks and empirical observation, put emphasis on deducing new conclusions from fundamentals assumptions or from already established truths.

Thus his method was followed by deductive approach. In geographical studies, there has always been methodological problem of dualism and dichotomy. Majority of the researches in the fields of geomorphology, climatology, oceanography and earth sciences are done using inductive approach, while specialized branches of geography rely on deductive methods. However both the approaches are used in researches irrespective of their fields in geography.

It depends on the nature and objectives of the research.